Campaign Battles of Charlottenburg and Buchholz

 After the fall of Berlin on 23 November Napoleon assumed that the Prussian army, having been beaten, would disperse.  In that he was mistaken, for although the city had been taken the army had not been smashed.  

The following morning the Prussians were back.  Both armies had scattered overnight to rest their tired troops, so the day started very tentatively.  Rüchel's column formed the centre of the advance, marching on Berlin from the north-west, past the Tegelsee and through the village of Tegel.  To his right was Prince Hohenlohe, coming east from Spandau.  The left flank was held by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, supported by Klingspor's Swedes.  This perhaps gives an exaggerated impression of the Prussian strength, for at dawn each of these was represented by only a single division on the field.  Most of the commands named, as well as Kalkreuth's reserve, were still on the way.

Mid-morning, after a little rationalisation.

(Campaign) Second Battle of Berlin

Following the failure of the attack on Berlin from the south on the 17th, Emperor Napoleon determined to renew the attempt from a different direction.  Three pontoon bridges were thrown across the Spree - one opposite Charlottenburg palace and two upstream of the city, on either end of the marshes that extend there on the river's left bank.  The crossing point at Cöpnick, ten miles upstream at the outflow of the Müggelsee, was secured (having been held only loosely and intermittently before), and the bridges allowed a veritable flood of French troops to re-deploy to the east and north.

The battlefield, outlined in red, on the campaign map.  People more familiar with the real geography
 will note that I have Charlottenburg, and the Spandau road, on the wrong side of the river. Oops.

Campaign Battle of Berlin

In preparation for an assault on Berlin the French army threw two pontoon bridges across the Spree, one by I Corps a mile or so west of the city and one by V Corps a couple of miles to the east.

The upstream bridge was immediately detected and thrown down by the Prussians, but the other remained in place when the attack on the city began at midday on 17 November.  With only five hours of daylight to achieve their objective the French knew that they would have to go hard.  Outnumbered by more than two to one, and recognising that the French must pass through two choke-points, the Coalition for their part determined to defend both of them to the death.  Eight French divisions faced one Prussian and two Swedish - one side had the advantage of numbers and the other of position.

Berlin from the south - Drouet preparing to assault across the pontoon bridge in the background, Dupont (centre) about to cross into Cölln on the way to attack the Swedes (top right)

1806 Campaign Overview: The War Spreads

Neither side, in the opening days of the war, had been idle diplomatically.  One of Napoleon's fears was realised in a British landing on 16 October on the North Sea coast - in the absence of an actual British landing force in 1806 we are using the order of battle for the Copenhagen expedition of a year later - the actual landing was an (unlikely) random event.  

The Swedes historically played only a small part in the war, defending Stralsund against attacks first by Mortier and later by Brun.  There was also a small contingent at the Battle of Lübeck.  A fuller participation was certainly possible, though, and the Coalition players activated to the hilt, spending victory points not only to allow the garrison of Swedish Pomerania, under Hans-Henrik von Essen, to operate outside its borders, but to call for a reinforcing expedition from Sweden, under Field Marshal Klingspor.  These landed at Anclam, at the western end of the Stettin Lagoon, on 18 October and set off after Essen, who was already on his way to Berlin.

In addition to all of these, of course, the Russian armies were approaching from the east.  Historically they met the French on the Vistula in December, but what progress will they make in the game?  And to what end?

1806 Campaign Overview: The War Begins

Initial Dispositions and Invasion

The Grande Armée started the war with a fairly historical deployment - the major exception, as mentioned in my earlier article, was that no provision was made for guarding the left flank - Mortier joined the other army corps in Thuringia to invade from the south, rather than watching for a threat from the British or the Electorate of Hesse-Cassell.  The army crossed the Prussian (at Bayreuth) and Saxon frontiers on 8 October, with commands and missions distributed between the players:

The two reserve cavalry corps (heavy and dragoon), commanded by Robert, marched on the left flank, starting west of Coburg and travelling via Gotha and Duderstadt, careful to avoid crossing into Hessian territory.  Historically the dragoons were led by Bessières, along with the guard, but in the game both cavalry corps were given to Murat.  To their right, in order, Robin had IV and VI Corps (Soult and Ney, respectively) and John commanded I and III (Bernadotte and Davout), heading to Magdeburg and Leipzig.  Gordon, on the right flank, took V, VII and VIII Corps (Lannes, Augereau and Mortier) to Dresden, in hopes of knocking the Saxons out of the war early, and also, of course, demonstrating along the Austrian border.  Omar had the Imperial Guard, bringing up the rear, with David as emperor.

New Campaign: War of the Fourth Coalition

I wrote earlier that the 1805 campaign would be followed up with one on the Prussian war of 1806.  I had the scenario pretty much written, the armies ordered and the map drawn.  It looked like this:

Austerlitz and Campaign Wrapup (It Is All Over)

The final battles of the campaign were fought a few months ago (the Austrian one in April and the Russians in May), and we planned to have a final celebratory meeting in July.  Well, I was hijacked by realtity and that didn't happen (also why there have been no posts on this blog since June), but we finally managed a re-schedule in October at our old haunt of the Bundanoon Hotel, whose hospitality we gratefully acknowledge in the hope that they will have us back.

Campaign Battle of Wernberg

Marechal H'ordern, leading II, V and VII Corps in the north, managed to surround two thirds of Kutuzov's army at the very gateway to the Bohemian passes, cutting off two columns (those of Bagration and Skepalov) on the northern road too far away to help - they had been pushing ahead to Eger to establish a base of operations there.  On 6 December H'ordern forced a battle at the crossing of the Naab at Wernberg.  He had managed to cross the river further downstream with several divisions, and Dumonceau's Batavians began the battle astride the eastern road through the mountains to Haid and Kladrau - the other road by which the Russians might have sought to escape.

1805 Campaign: Act IV - The Armies Scatter (1 - 23 November 1805)

The Austrians

Following the catastrophe of Babensham-Jettenbach, the Austrian army retreated down both banks of the Inn to the next line of defence on the Salzach.   Contact was successfully broken off with the French, the bridges burned at Marktl (across the Inn) and Burghausen (on the Salzach).  Werneck ensconced his corps in the fortress of Brauau, while the forces of Klenau and Riesch pushed on further toward the Bavarian fortress of Passau.  It had not been garrisoned, and Hessen-Homburg secured its commander's surrender on the 12th, entering the city without opposition.

A week later a small mishap occured as Klenau's corps evacuated the city in accordance with orders to form up ready to march to the west.  A road and gate was left unguarded, and a patrol of French hussars slipped unchallenged into the city (one hussar uniform looks much like another, after all), and only when they were ordering drinks in the Marktplatz did it dawn on them that they were in an enemy-held city.  About then they also become aware of a column of Austrian cavalry, led by Freiherr von Mesko, entering the city by the south gate, across the Salzach, and made themselves scarce via the northern gate across the Danube.  Now entirely cut off from their fellows by the great river, they explored up its bank to find out what the Austrians were up to, in hopes of having something to report when they finally found their way back.

Monkey Trap - Campaign Battle of Abbach

 The Situation

With Strik's column, after many days behind enemy lines, almost in sight of the safety of Regensburg, the French swooped in and cut the road ahead of them.  General Buxhöwden, aware of their plight, agonised over the safety of the city, but concluded that it could be held against stray French probes by a rearguard while he led the bulk of the army out to Strik's rescue.  Grand Duke Constantine led the column, clearing the road as far as the town of Abbach of what turned out to be no more than French scouts.  Having been swept away the scouts did not, therefore, see that Constantine was followed by a much stronger column led by Buxhöwden himself and von Anrep.  Having ensured that the road was free the rescue column counter-marched, on the morning of November 20 heading over the hills back to Regensburg, again with the Guard leading.

Suchet's division, south of Regensburg, had been given an imperial mission - to complete the destruction of Strik's column by cutting it off, along with the Imperial Guard who had come to its rescue, and pinning it against the Danube until the full weight of the French army could be brought to bear to crush it.  To that end, his division had cut the riverside road between Regensburg and the isolated Russians on the evening of the 19th, and the following morning were marching south along the road toward Abbach. 

The Bear in his Lair - Campaign Battle of Ingolstadt

The Situation

For a week the 1st West Army fell back after Ottenhoven, fending off the French nipping at their heels and, without supply, trudging doggdly on to Ingolstadt where they hoped to find at least temporary shelter.  Their lead elements reached the city on the evening of the 10th, and immediately started scouring it for supplies, establishing warehouses, hospitals and supply dumps for the succour of their soon-to-be-arriving comrades.

As the army trickled in, outposts were left on the various roads to provide a "crumple zone", slowing down the French advance to allow the recovery of broken units and the preparation of a defence.  This worked to a degree, but by the morning of the 13th the perimeter was not much more than a mile from the city walls.  Elements of II, V and VII Corps attacked at midday on that day with reinforcements to follow through the afternoon, including the infantry and artillery of the Imperial Guard, accompanied by the emperor himself.

Loaded for Bear - Campaign Battle of Attenkirchen

The Situation

Having been frustrated in their advance toward Munich (see here), Kutuzov became aware, at the start of November, of the previously-unsuspected threat to his rear.  He fell back hastily on Freising, first to determine the size of the threat and then to eliminate it, if he could.  His intention was to secure Ingolstadt, on the Danube, and to build a base of operations there with his flanks covered by the river.  His path was blocked, though, as he marched north from Freising on the Isar.  No sooner had he left the city, on 4 November, than the French marched into it from the south - quite possibly the Imperial Guard, who had chased his Cosscks from Munich.  To the north, scouts identified multiple French divisions marching to intercept him, and a cavalry probe in strength confirmed that II Corps, at the least, was present.  Bagration, as vanguard, was ordered to clear the road to the north, so that the divisions of Strik, Skepelov, Essen and the Reserve Cavalry could follow up and establish a perimeter in preparation for a breakthrough.  Miladoravich and Dokhturov were ordered to mask Freising, securing the safety of the column's rear.  At dawn on the 5th the designated divisions formed up to smash their way clear to the north.

The Battle

The map, as shown in the briefng documents

Playing Russians in Throne & Altar

I wrote some time earlier about the challenges of playing Austrians in 1805 under Throne & Altar rules.  The experience is clearly different from that of playing Russians, and it is fair to say, I think, that man for man the Austrians are more difficult to use well.  At the same time John has expressed some views on the utility of Russians based on his experience in the campaign.  Some of these I think are insightful and some perhaps less so.  Let me offer my view from above...

Like the Austrians, the Russians do not play the same way as the French.  What is it that makes the Russians distinctive, and what is the way to take advantage of those special characteristics?  I suggest that there are four things that set the Russians apart.  Two of these are a matter of a special rule that apply specifically to Russians (a bit like the no-support rule for the Austrians, although that is not unique to them).  Another is a matter of historical orders of battle, and the third (closely related) is a matter of command structure.  The right question is: Does the game reflect the historical reality appropriately?

The War Spreads, and so do the rules challenges

 When I first wrote these rules I envisioned the operational level being intermittent and quite short-term - corps would meet on the strategic map, drop to the operational map of seven hexes, or maybe ten if they had friends nearby, manoeuvre for a week or so, and maybe have a battle.  After that they would separate, go back to the strategic map, and continue there until another meeting occurred.  There might perhaps be two operational theatres, or even more, going on in parallel, and then all returning to the strategic level.

That is not how it has turned out at all.  It is how it started - a tight little map stretching from Munich to a few miles east of the Inn, perhaps sixty miles by fifty, extended from the northern flank of the Alps.  At that point we had about 80,000 Frenchmen trying to force a crossing of the Inn against a rather smaller number of Austrians.  The Bavarians were there in the background, and the Imperial Guard and Grand Park were just coming on-stage - not really near the enemy, but approaching the base of operations at Munich, so they went into the mix also.  

That was on October 17, game time.  Now, as I write, we are in the third week of November, and there has been no possibility of going back to strategic-level manoeuvering.  More corps have poured in from all sides, and the map has expanded to accommodate them.  There must be over 300,000 troops in-theatre - French, Bavarian, Austrian and Russian.  They are manoevering over an area bounded approximately by the cities of Innsbruck, Nuremberg, Taus in Bohemia, Passau and Salzburg - perhaps 200 miles by 150.  The main French supply route stretches over 70 miles from the great logistics base in Munich almost to the Austrian fortress of Braunau (which I think the Emperor has his eye on already as the next base for the push east).

I have had to revise my assumptions and my rules as I went along, and mostly this has been achieved fairly smoothly.  New logistics rules have been retro-fitted without doing anybody any terrible injustices, and the players have come to grips with how supply works pretty well.  I still have some further simplifications in mind, but the bulk of the work has been done, now.  The rest can wait for the next campaign, I think, although no doubt there will be some ad-hoc insertions as we go. 

I have given some information above that is not public knowledge, but nothing that will come as a surprise to anybody, I trust, or affect strategy at this stage - the Coalition must have spies and correspondents in Munich to tell them of the great warehouses and wagon depots there.  Further remarks I was going to make here would give away secrets that are rather fresher, so I shall keep them for later.  It will perhaps be of interest to show what the operational map now looks like:

1805 Campaign: Act III - The Armies Converge (25 - 31 October 1805)

The Russian victory at Ottenhoven left the security of the whole French advance into Austria in question.  Marshal Soult retreated to the south-east, linking up with Bernadotte's army group on the Inn but leaving the way to Munich open to the Russians.  The (now Royal) Army of Bavaria was too far away to guard its own capital, having been sent to the right flank of the advance to act in concert with Marshal Ney in seizing the Inn crossing city of Rosenheim.

Saving General Roussel - Campaign Battle of Jettenbach

In the confusion of the retreat from Babensham the Austrian army became strung out along the south bank of the Inn.  The French hastened to pursue, attempting in particular to cut off the tail of the column and destroy it.  Drouet, leading the pursuit, managed to catch FML Auffenberg a little upstream of Mühldorf, where the small stream of the Wanklbach flows into the Inn at Kraiburg.  Auffenberg might have fought a skirmishing retreat to the east but for his knowledge that if he did so he would be leaving General Roussel d'Hurbal, with almost 9,000 men, cut off to the west, trapped against the bank of the Inn.  Roussel would surely be forced to surrender, so Auffenberg sent an appeal to the Emperor, committing the army to a reversal of direction to rescue the isolated column.

The map, looking from the south, and the actual table seen from the east.

1805 Danube Campaign: Act II - Going Operational (15 - 23 October 1805)

By October 13 French armies had entered Bavaria along multiple axes of advance and several corps were closing in on Munich, where the Elector was still keeping his options open.  A final diplomatic "letter of offer" from the Emperor of the French read, to me, like an ultimatum, and evidently Maximilian Josef read it the same way, or perhaps his francophile inclinations just got the better of him.  At any rate, an alliance was concluded on mutually acceptable terms on the 14th, and the now-Royal Army of Bavaria joined its new French comrades in marching shoulder-to-shoulder to the Inn, where the main Austrian army was presumed (quite rightly) to be awaiting their coming.

The situation on October 13 - all armies visible.

Coming Soon to this Blog...

 It was some time ago that I posted the acount of Babensham.  The followup battle of Jettensbach was fought at the club meeting on 14 February, now six weeks ago, so it is high time I gave an account of it. Briefly, the Austrian rearguard of the retreat from Babensham was caught by the French late the following morning, and felt constrained to give battle.    The map is below, with the Austrians retreating eastward along the south bank of the Inn and the pursuing French coming from the south and west.

1805 Danube Campaign: Act I - Opening Moves (10 September - 15 October 1805)

The time has come that I can begin to tell the story of the campaign without giving away crucial military secrets.  At the time of writing we are still mid-campaign, so I will be rationing what I say and when.  Once it is all over I may go back and update posts giving more detail.  Or not.  In the meantime the account will trickle out in several parts.

Introduction (from the campaign handbook)

The War of the Third Coalition began with an Austrian assault in September 1805.  The Austrian plan was to attack the French possessions in northern Italy with the main army under Archduke Charles, while a secondary force under his nephew, Archduke Ferdinand (nominally, but really managed by the Chief of Staff, Karl Mack von Lieberich), was to cross Bavaria to invade France.  Its real purpose was to distract Napoleon from reinforcing Italy, not to prosecute the main war.  The main French force was far away, preparing at Boulogne for an invasion of England. 

Napoleon responded with shocking speed and force.  He ignored Italy, where in any case Charles had as yet made no move (having grave reservations about the safety of the army north of the Alps) and launched a counter-invasion of Germany.  The Bavarians, meanwhile, revealed a secret alliance with the French - not formally concluded, in fact, until some weeks after the Austrians crossed their borders - leaving Mack’s army in an embarrassingly exposed position.

Campaign Battle of Babensham

The Situation

Four days after the Russian victory at Ottenhoven, the Grande Armée is finally getting to grips with the army of Austria.  A strong push by Bernadotte, backed by Davout, has expanded to the East the Wasserburg bridgehead across the Inn, only to discover a solid line of Austrians stretching for miles to the South-East in the direction of the Chiemsee.  It has been raining for days, and will be an uphill fight.  The French have fought with mud on their boots before, though, and if the Austrians are willing to accept battle the French are more than willing to give it to them...

We played the battle in the extremely congenial location of Bundanoon, in the Southern Highlands of NSW, where the Bundanoon Hotel were kind enough to allow us the use of their private dining room.  Thanks, Gavin!  We hope that this will be only the first of many such meetings.  Robert led the Austrians, assisted by the (nominally Russian, in the campaign) John and Colin, while David and Michael handled the French.